Research Design & Number of Studies
The best evidence for children aged 6-12 year old comes from three internally conducted matched-pair, cluster- Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT). The studies included children in 3rd and 4th grades (approximately aged 8-11yrs). Compared to the control group, (who did not receive the intervention) the following outcomes were observed:
Outcomes Achieved
Child Outcomes
- Significantly fewer student self-reporting substance abuse, serious violence and bullying behaviours. (Li, et. al., 2011).
- Significant reduction in sexual activity and significantly improved social interaction skills (Beets, et. al., 2009).
- Significantly lower depression and anxiety and higher life satisfaction. (Lewis, et.al., 2013).
Parent Outcomes
- No parent outcomes were taken.
Key References
Li, K.-K., Washburn, I., DuBois, D.L., Vuchinich, S., Ji, P., Brechling, V., Day, J., Beets, M.W., Acock, A.C., Berbaum, M., Snyder, & F., Flay, B.R. (2011). Effects of the Positive Action Programme on problem behaviors in elementary school students: A matched-pair randomized control trial in Chicago. Psychology & Health, 26 (2), 187-204.
Beets, M. W., Flay, B. R., Vuchinich, S., Snyder, F. J., Acock, A., Li, K., Burns, K., Washburn, I. J., & Durlak, J. (2009). Use of a social and character development program to prevention substance use, violent behaviors, and sexual activity among elementary-school students in Hawaii. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (8), 1438–1445.
Lewis, K.M., Dubois, D.L., Bavarian, N., Acock, A., Silverthorn, N., Day, J., Peter, J., Vuchinich, S., & Flay, B.R. (2013). Effects of Positive Action on the Emotional Health of Urban Youth: A Cluster-Randomized Control Trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, (6), 706-711.